Taxation project 01 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxation project 01 - Case Study Example Therefore, assuming a marginal tax rate of 39.6%, amount available for reinvestment = annual cash flow – tax. Thus, 100,000 - (100,000*39.6%) = 100,000 – 39,600 = $ 60,400 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011). Q2: If Sandra operates the business as a regular C Corporation that makes no dividend distributions, calculate the annual after tax cash flow available for reinvestment in the business. A C corporation is a business organization formulated to restrain the owners’ liabilities. Therefore, C corporations, in the eyes of law, are different from their owners. Using corporate tax rates, the business income is taxed at 34%. Therefore, if the corporation makes no dividend payments, the annual after tax cash flow available for reinvestments in the business = 13750 + {(100,000 – 75,000)*34%)} = (100,000 – 22,250) = $ 77,750 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011). Q3: there is no tax consequence in this case. Therefore, Sandra is still obligated to pay (100,000 *39.6%) = $ 39,600 as tax expense. As a result, the annual after tax cash flow remaining in the business = (100,000 – 39,600) = $ 60,400. On the other hand, Sandra will have (100,000 – 20,000) = $ 80,000 from the withdrawal (Schanz & Schanz, 2011). Q4: Sandra’s corporation will be taxed twice if withdrawals are made to fund dividend payments to shareholders. The first tax will apply to taxable income and the second will be applied to dividend. However, the rate of tax and the taxable income will not be affected. The income tax = 13,750 + ((100,000 -75,000) * 34%) = 22,250. As a result, after tax cash flow remaining for investment in the business = {100,000 – 22,250} = $ 77,750. The dividends will be subject to tax rate similar to that of long-term capital gain (15%). Therefore, the after tax cash flow from the dividend = (20,000*20%) = $ 4,000 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011). Q5: If Sandra wishes to operate the business

Impact of Social Relationships on Health

Impact of Social Relationships on Health There is considerable evidence that social relationships can influence health, but only limited evidence on the health effects of the personality characteristics that are thought to mold peoples social lives. We asked whether sociability predicts resistance to infectious disease and whether this relationship is attributable to the quality and quantity of social interactions and relationships. Three hundred thirty-four volunteers completed questionnaires assessing their sociability, social networks, and social supports, and six evening interviews assessing daily interactions. They were subsequently exposed to a virus that causes a common cold and monitored to see who developed verifiable illness. Increased sociability was associated in a linear fashion with a decreased probability of developing a cold. Although sociability was associated with more and higher-quality social interactions, it predicted disease susceptibility independently of these variables. The association between socia bility and disease was also independent of baseline immunity (virus-specific antibody), demographics, emotional styles, stress hormones, and health practices. Along with human population, the inequality in the distribution of global income has grown in recent decades (7). In 1992, 15% of people in the worlds richest countries enjoyed 79% of the worlds income (8). In every continent, in giant city systems, people increasingly come into direct contact with others who vary in culture, language, religion, values, ethnicity, and socially defined race and who share the same space for social, political, and economic activities (9). The resulting frictions are evident in all parts of the world. Ecologists and population biologists have long used the logistic model of population dynamics as a way to understand the cause and effect relationship between carrying capacity and population size (Wilson Bossert, 1971; Gotelli, 1998). As Malthus (Petersen, 1979) and Darwin (1859) understood, in the absence of limitations on resources, i.e., space and food, populations will grow exponentially. However, if resources are limited, the growth rate begins to decelerate well below the maximum population size that the environmental resources can support. Deceleration continues until a more or less equilibrium level is reached. This equilibrium occurs near the asymptote of environmental limits. When plotted, the resultant growth takes the form of a sigmoidal or S-shaped curve. Typically, in the laboratory and field. The second evolution refers to the industrial revolution, which took place mainly in the 18th century alongside the global agricultural revolution (Cohen, 1995). The third evolution is the advancement of public health and medicine which began in 1945. This led to a stark rise in the population as the development of vaccines and antibiotics increased life expectancy in the countries with access to them (Butler, 2004). The final evolution, per Cohen (1995), is the fertility evolution which began in the 18th century and has still not emerged in some developing countries (Cohen, 1995). Contraception and education for women have contributed to a fall in fertility rates among more developed countries (Butler, 2004). The end of the Second World War marked a fifth turning point in human population growth (Hibbard et al., 2006). No one had ever lived through a doubling of the population until after the Second World War and now, some of us have lived through a tripling of the population (Cohen, 2003). Today, the human population is distributed unevenly around the globe; with 60 percent residing in Asia, 16 percent in Africa, 10 percent in Europe, 9 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean and the remainder living in North America and Oceania (Cohen, 1995). Not only are we unevenly distributed, but so are our resources. In 2015, 795 million people do not have enough to eat (FAO, 2015). Simmons (2000) describes this phenomenon as a logistical distribution problem. We produce plenty of food on Earth, enough to feed everyone, yet millions starve to death every year (Simmons, 2000). Global life expectancy is expected to increase to 83 years by 2095 and by then, the human population will have at least doubled (UNDP, 2015). This will put further stress on our resources. If we struggle to feed everyone today, we will certainly struggle to feed a longer-living, doubled population in the future (UNEP-GEAS, 2012). How has carrying capacity been estimated? Many concepts have been used to try and decipher a limit to the human population. These include optimum population, carrying capacity and limits to growth (Van den Bergh Rietveld, 2004). What these concepts have in common is that they all acknowledge the basic requirements for a human being to survive; water, land, food and other resources from nature (Van den Bergh Rietveld, 2004). These resources have a limit and so it follows that the human population also has a limit (Van den Bergh Rietveld, 2004). Thomas Malthus theory about human population growth provided the basis for the concept of carrying capacity in relation to humans (Seidl Tisdell, 1999). The infamous theory was put forward in 1798. Malthus proposed that it was in built into the population curve for the population to run out of resources, causing a decline in the population by positive checks (e.g. disease, famine, war) or by preventative checks (e.g. marriage restrictions) (Butler, 2004). Malthus theory, though flawed, became so influential partly due to the attitude of Victorian England in the 18th century (Seidl Tisdell, 1999). During this time, disease and poverty was rampant among the lower classes as they moved into cities (Seidl Tisdell, 1999). The concept may have been relevant at Malthus time, but the human population has moved far beyond these limits now (Seidl Tisdell, 1999). Verhulst (1838) epitomized Malthus theory through the omnipresent logistic equation (Figure 2) (Lima Berrymand, 2011).

The Down to Earth Challenges of Space Exploration :: Space Exploration Essays

The Down to Earth Challenges of Space Exploration Humans have dreamed of leaving the earth and traveling space for many years, and up to this day they have taken many steps in the right direction. Yet, with every new frontier they approach, new problems loom over the horizon. All problems involved with space exploration may not directly involve space itself. Many of those problems surface right here on Earth. Some of the easier issues have been resolved, such as escaping the forces of gravity to reach outer space. More of these problems are far more arduous and the solutions need more time to be worked out properly. In â€Å"The Coming Schism† by James E. and Alcestis R. Oberg, humans have already begun colonizing space, yet there are still new problems arising. Major problems such as financing, communication and culture conflicts are important in the journey to space, because they all have the potential to disrupt progress. When people think of troubles that are related to space, they tend to overlook one of the most obvious and most important problems, financing. Money may prevent humans from leaving the very earth we stand on in the first place. Money can easily be the solution to a problem or the cause of one. In the supporting film, Stationed in the Stars, it was mentioned that in 1992, NASA spent 8 billion dollars without building a single piece of material. The money was spent on other things such as payroll and international conferences. The film also brought up the fact that every pound of water needed would cost up to 10 thousand dollars; therefore, 100 lbs. of water would cost 1 million dollars. This problem was later solved with the help of Russia in the creation of the closed loop system. But Russia has not always been so helpful. While Russia was working with NASA to help build a service module, they purposely delayed their efforts in order to receive more money from NASA, until NASA had enough and gave them a deadline to comply with. There are times when financing may prevent a project from being ventured into completely without even spending the money. For example, further servicing of the International Space Station would have cost upwards of 100 billion dollars. That is why that project is still uncompleted.

Australian Identity Essay

The Australian identity is a diverse concept that has developed overtime through significant events in our history. As a result of these events, it is has established Australia into a multicultural society that now includes numerous new lifestyles. However, it is an evolving concept that is still becoming, as further cultures are migrating to Australia and introducing unique traditions to the Australian life. This idea is further explored in the poem ’No more boomerang’ by Kath Walker, which exhibits how the Australian Aboriginals were forced into a westernized lifestyle by the British migrants. In ‘But I was born here, Miss’ by an unnamed migrant child, we venture into the life of an Australian migrant child who underwent difficulties at his school because of his ethnic background. In Tim Winton’s ‘Neighbours’, we witness how the juxtaposing lifestyles of the migrants and the Australians come together and live as one, peaceful community . Comprehending a new way of life is frequently a difficult task to undertake, especially if it is forced upon. The poem ‘No more boomerang’ is a prime example of how a significant event in Australia’s history, the Arrival of the First Fleet, impacted on Australia’s identity. The Australian Aboriginals were the first migrants of Australia, and they lived and created the first Australian lifestyle.. The author, Kath Walker uses parallelism in the form of ‘No more’, which represents how much of the Aboriginal culture has been lost and has come to stop because of the new customs and traditions implemented by the Anglo-Saxons which entitles a new civilized culture. This notion is reinforced in the third stanza of the poem through repetition of ‘No more’ in the line, â€Å"No more sharing of food†. This stanza refers to how the Aboriginals are now no longer following their old customary lifestyles and instead are slowly familiarizing themselves to the new British way of life. It is unmistakable that the Aboriginal’s had a problematic period adapting to the new way of life installed by the British. However because of the British colonization we are now a country equal to Britain and one that provides all its citizens with a good life. Nevertheless a new wave of migrants arrived from southern Europe and thus cultural diversity started in schools around Australia. But this wasn’t always a good thing as a migrant child wrote in ‘But I was born here, Miss’. Australian migrant children went through troublesome obstacles at school because of their ethnicities. In this poem the author has used the repetition of the motif, ‘’But I was born  here, Miss’’ to emphasize how the child is still seen as a migrant even though he claims as being born in Australia. It further highlights how unaccepted a child was because of his or her cultural background which is supported by the rhetorical question â€Å"Where do I live?†. In addition, the rhetorical question gives further insights into how the migrant child did not feel like he belonged because of his differences between the other children. This intolerance led to a clash between the cultures which caused fights and misunderstandings at schools across Australia. It is therefore evident that Australian migrant children endured harsh circumstances at school because of their ethnicities and the intolerance of the Australian born children. Maybe due to the fact of th is intolerance many migrant children didn’t regard themselves as an Australian. Maybe they simply did not want to be associated with a group of people that could not accept someone for whom he or she truly is. In time however the two cultures would learn to live with each other and create a tolerant society as apparent in Tim Winton’s ‘Neighbours’. Countless of Australians and migrants were not accustomed to the lifestyles of each other and often wrongly misinterpreted each other’s actions. In the text, the author Tim Winton uses a hyperbole within the line, â€Å"Their neighbours were not murdering each other, merely talking†. He uses it to demonstrate how the new couple were not use to people casually talking to each other in that loud manner which had been influenced by the European culture of the neighbours. Australians and migrants wrongly misinterpreted each other’s actions which lead to one believing the other was crazy and vice versa. This exemplifies the different cultures each one lived by and the traditions that went along with them. The Australians were quiet and friendly people who are always respectful and knew their boundaries. Whereas the migrants were loud and critical people who always had an opinion and did not know what boundaries were. This is conveyed in the story when the new couple p lanted vegetables in their backyard which caught the attention of their neighbours, who were quick to give them advice on how to plant and maintain the vegetables. The couple would then share their vegetables with their neighbours who in turn provided vegetables for them to plant. The gap between the Australian couple and their European neighbours was finally reduced as they learned to live together in harmony. Therefore it is seen that the Australians and migrants  could learn to live with each other and create a society that accepts other cultures. In conclusion, it is clear that the Australian identity is a diverse concept that has changed over the course of Australia’s history. This is effectively highlighted in the texts, ‘No more boomerang’, ‘But I was born here, Miss’ and in, ‘Neighbours’, as they convey different aspects of the Australian identity which have been affected by events in our history. Simultaneously these events have created a multicultural society that positively interacts with each other and shares cultural traditions.

Skin Cancer

It mostly found in Caucasians and is usually found on fair-skinned people. It may appear as nodules, or as red spots, scaly patches on the skin. This topic is very crucial, for all of you today, because you or someone you care about may be suffering from skin cancer. CREDIBILITY:Ever since my ex-boyfriend suffered from skin cancer, this topic has caused me great concern. Therefore, I have researched this cancer extensively. PREVIEW: I. I will discuss the problem with not protecting yourself from skin cancer. II.I will also discuss a plan to protect yourself from skin cancer. III. I will discuss the benefits of my plan. BODY I. THE PROBLEM OF NOT PROTECTING YOURSELF FROM SKIN CANCER (According to http://www. skincancer. org) A. Skin Cancer is a disorder that can creep up on you slowly. 1. Showing itself as a malformed and multicolored growth. B. It will tend to burn or freckle your skin causing pain in people with fair skin. C. Going out into the sun, when temperature is high, will ca use your skin to burn from direct exposure to the sun. 1.You will have a greater chance of getting Skin Cancer. D. When not taking the proper precautions to prevent Skin Cancer, you will be exposing yourself to UVA and UVB sun rays. 1. By not protecting your body from this exposure will and can cause you a great bodily harm. TRANSITIONNow that I have shared with you problems with not protecting yourself from skin cancer, I will now share with you a plan preventing it. II. A PLAN TO PREVENT SKIN CANCER: (According to W. John Diamond & W. Lee Cowden’s book and http://www. ebmd. com) A. We need to avoid the time of the day between 10 a. m. and 4:00 p. m. (when the sun is at its brightest). B. We need to wear protective clothing that covers our body and a hat to protect our head. C. We need to use a sunscreen with 15 SPF to 45 SPF and protect ourselves against both UVA and UVB sun rays. D. Lastly, we need to check our skin regularly. At our yearly checkup, we should have the doct or do an exam on our skin as well. 1. We need to check for any discolorations or growths developing on our skin.TRANSITIONNow that I have shared with you a plan to prevent Skin Cancer, I will share with you the benefits. III. BENEFITS OF PREVENTING SKIN CANCER: (According to Tracie Egan’s book â€Å"Skin Cancer†): A. Preventing Skin Cancer can help you avoid the necessary treatments, Such as Surgery and Medications which are painful and hard on the body. 1. Biopsies of the skin, surgeries to remove and/or chemical treatments (such as Chemotherapy) to slow down the development of cancerous cells. B.Most importantly, taking the precautions to prevent Skin Cancer will help you avoid death associated with the disease. It will not cost anything but time to prevent yourself from getting the disease. CONCLUSION, SUMMARY:In conclusion, I have shared with you the problems of not protecting yourself, a plan of action and the benefits of preventing skin cancer. I highly recommend that you take the precautions, I have described, in order to prevent Skin Cancer from taking control or your life. These precautions do not guarantee that you will not get Skin Cancer, but they will reduce your chances immensely.BIBLIOGRAPHY Egan, Tracie (2006) Skin Cancer: Current and Emerging Trends in Detection and Treatment, Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , ISBN# 1-4042-0390-7, 64 pages (hardback) Hanly, C. (1995, July) Worldly Lessons On Skin Cancer, Publisher: The Center of Education, Skin Cancer, ISBN#1-855345-26-8, 400 pages (hardback) The American Cancer Society (2000) American Cancer Society’s Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Methods, Publisher: The American Cancer Society, ISBN# 0-944235-24-9, 438 pages (paperback) Kaufman, Howard L. 2005) The Melanoma Book : A Complete Guide to Prevention and Treatment, Including the Early Detection Self-Exam Body Map, Publisher: Gotham Books; The Penguin Group (USA) Inc. , ISBN# 1592401260, 352 pages (p aperback) Diamond, W. John & Cowden, W. Lee, M. D. s (with Burton Goldberg) (2000) Cancer Diagnosis: What to Do Next, Publisher: AlternativeMedicine. com, ISBN# 1-887299-40-8, 360pages (paperback) Robertson, M. (1998, March 8) Skin Cancer: Learn to Protect Yourself with the Following Treatments, Publisher: USA Today Magazine, 125 (2168-22-25. http://www. skincancer. org http://www. webmd. com [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]